doi: 10.1038/nature12352. Technological Microbiology, however, started to draw the attention of the market when products originating from microbial activity began to be required on an industrial scale. These drugs therefore provide a new and promising way of thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms. Appl. (2004). Filamentous fungi, used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, have also been evaluated for the potential production of biopharmaceuticals. The potential of fungal chitosan, when present in bioactive filters, to chelate heavy metals and inhibit pathogenic microbial agents in contaminated water was recently evaluated (e.g., Ruholahi et al., 2016; Tayel et al., 2016a) for the development of a renewable, ecofriendly, and cost-effective polymer that can help overcome the current problems of chemical and microbial water pollution (Tayel et al., 2016b). Expert Rev. In recent years, much progress has been achieved in the development and commercialization of bionematicides (Wilson and Jackson, 2013). Lett. Bio-Hydrometallurgy 7. Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. (1999). doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00795.x, Chumnanpuen, P., Kocharin, K., and Vongsangnak, W. (2016). Adv. The Applications of Bioinformatics in Microbial Technology. Dairy J. A study showed that SeNPs attach to the bacterial cell wall, causing irreversible damage to the membrane, thus achieving a remarkable synergistic antibacterial effect that inhibits MRSA (Huang X. et al., 2016). Front. The impact of mycorrhizal fungi on Sangiovese red wine production: phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties. Development of a highly specific and sensitive cadmium and lead microbial biosensor using synthetic CadC-T7 genetic circuitry. PGPMs, plant growth-promoting microorganisms. Firstly, it's safe, fast, reproducible and accurate. Biochimie 70, 559566. Amylases obtained from cultures of Aspergillus niger (e.g., Omemu et al., 2005; Djekrif-Dakhmouche et al., 2006; Adejuwon et al., 2015) or Bacillus subtilis (e.g., Ploss et al., 2016; Salman et al., 2016), for example, have been used in place of chemical additives in the treatment of wheat flour (e.g., Bueno et al., 2016), improving the preparation of dough for baking and allowing the acquisition of pre-cooked foods. "Microbial Enzymes: Roles and applications in industry" offers an essential update on the field of microbial biotechnology, and presents the latest information on a range of microbial. 122, 403409. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp. Int. FASEB J 30, 918. Hofrichter, M., Vares, K., Scheibner, K., Galkin, S., Sipila, J., and Hatakka, A. 136, 198202. doi: 10.1007/s00253-003-1289-4, Olsen, J. L. (2016). When genomics and transcriptomics are applied to entire microbial communities, we use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively. J. Proc. However, despite the need for new antibiotics, only two new classes of antibiotics have been introduced in medicine since 1963, both of which are based on nalidixic acid (Brito and Cordeiro, 2012). Technol. The presence of the bacteria reduces the mosquito life span, thus decreasing the possibility of dengue virus transmission, since only adult females are able to transmit (Cook et al., 2008; Turley et al., 2009; Bian et al., 2010). 64, 37893793. 120, 15741584. 206, 6168. New molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are being . The immunity induced by recombinant vaccines is usually attributed to the ability of the recombinant virus to express the gene of interest at high levels within the host cells. Pasteur, L. (1857). Science 273, 488490. 368, 551560. Biomaterials 27, 145151. Quart. 3, 2830. Recombinant protein production in bacterial hosts. Catal. Kayla was also advised to make a habit of examining herself for ticks after returning from outdoor activities, as prompt removal of a tick greatly reduces the chances of infection. RNA interference 6. The microbial production of acetone and butanol, efficiently performed by the genus Clostridium, was one of the first large-scale industrial fermentation processes to gain global importance, but this production has been losing ground to chemical synthesis. Environ. Currently, however, beneficial microorganisms such as plant growth promoters and phytopathogen controllers are required by various agricultural crops, and many species are being used as biofactories of important pharmacological molecules. 8:827. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00827. Application of mycorrhizal technology for improving yield production of common bean plants. (1952). (B) Use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis bioinsecticide to fight dengue. The endotoxin proteins Cry and Cyt are currently best known as pesticides. Mutagenecity and antimutagenecity assays 2. Cell Fact. Applications of endophytic Actinomycetes and their role in protection. 16, 337353. Taxonomic composition and gene content of a methane-producing microbial community isolated from a biogas reactor. Total and functional antibody response to a quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine among children. J. Genet. Actuators B 138, 581586. Cytotoxic and antibiotic cyclic pentapeptide from an endophytic Aspergillus tamarii of Ficus carica. These antigens are purified from microorganisms, produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemically synthesized. One such technology employs microorganisms, such as phages, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses, to display repertoires of single-chain variable-domain antibody fragments (ScFvs), antigen-binding fragments (Fab), or domain antibodies (Dabs) on their surfaces (Carter, 2006). In turn, the current trend of using non-Saccharomyces strains, which in the past were considered yeasts of secondary importance or yeasts that produced undesirable changes, has positively impacted the vinification process, given the ability of the strains to produce enzymes, secondary metabolites, glycerol, ethanol, and other compounds that can increase the organoleptic complexity of wines (Padilla et al., 2016). This rapidly expanding area of technology provides methods for the isolation and transfer of single genes in a precise, controllable, and expedient manner. 1,3-Propanediol production by new recombinant Escherichia coli containing genes from pathogenic bacteria. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.011, Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., et al. At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnw134, Sauer, M., Porro, D., Mattanovich, D., and Branduardi, P. (2008). Protein Engineering 2. More than 200 new antibiotics have been generated through the targeted inactivation of genes and the novel combination of antibiotic synthesis genes in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces hosts.3, Genetic engineering is also used to manufacture subunit vaccines, which are safer than other vaccines because they contain only a single antigenic molecule and lack any part of the genome of the pathogen (see Vaccines). These bacteria are transmitted vertically from the female to the offspring. Bioanal. Using wastewater after lipid fermentation as substrate for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Biol. Biotechnol. Chitosan. Microbiol. Bioherbicides, however, have not been widely applied in agronomic and horticultural crops for weed management because they have a number of requirements, such as ideal humidity conditions, which diminish their effectiveness when compared to chemical herbicides. By contrast, toxoid vaccines stimulate the immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens. Environ. This emerging field of bioinformatics can be used, among many other applications, for clues to treating diseases and understanding the workings of cells. Microbial genomics: A new tool to increase food quality and safety. Adedayo, M. R., Ajiboye, E. A., Akintunde, J. K., and Odaibo, A. J. Toxicol. Microbial population dynamics and enzyme activities during composting. MAbs 3, 107110. Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain Bacteria. 25, 3438. Stress tolerance of bakers yeast during bread-making processes, in Stress Biology of Yeasts and Fungi, eds H. Takagi and H. Kitagaki (Tokyo: Springer), 2342. A recent biotechnological process called biologically active carbon (BAC) has been found to be very efficient in removing water contaminants. doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(96)00249-6, Roden, R., and Wu, T.-C. (2006). (2010). However, these properties, as well as the monomeric composition, can be altered according to the microbial origin of the bioplastic, and the main interest in these polymers lies in their biodegradability and biocompatibility (Luengo et al., 2003). 37, 541551. Developing new colors for the food industry is challenging, as colorants need to be compatible with a food flavors, safety, and nutritional value, and which ultimately have a minimal impact on the price of the product. The viral vectors used for this purpose are attenuated to the host and are therefore intrinsically safe. Drug Resist. Biochem. 9, 308324. The use of recombinant microbial cells has allowed large-scale production of a large number of products of pharmaceutical interest, such as hormones, anticoagulants, high-value proteins, antibodies or antigens, and others. Natl. Biotechnol. Food Sci. Legal. Ultimately, molecular biology applications are expected to be a mainstay in the manufacture of chemicals, energy, medical, consumer products, agriculture and food, industry, cosmetics and environmental technologies. Biofuels 5:41. doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-41, Woese, C. R., and Fox, G. E. (1977). doi: 10.1126/science.1165326. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.072, Rasinger, J. D., Marrazza, G., Briganti, F., Scozzafava, A., Mascini, M., and Turner, A. P. F. (2005). Nat. Sci. In this country alone, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounts for approximately 10,000 cases of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections, whereas Clostridium difficile, associated with diarrhea, is the most common infection in the United States, with more than 80,000 estimated annual cases (Magill et al., 2014). The major application of glucoamylase is the saccharification of partially processed starch/dextrin to glucose, which is an essential substrate for numerous fermentation processes and a range of food and beverage industries. Biocontrol. doi: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0091. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.11.012, Andersen, T., Strand, B. L., Formo, K., Alsberg, E., and Christensen, B. E. (2012). New biopharmaceuticals. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2015.1089216, Xu, L., Zhao, Y., Doherty, L., Hu, Y., and Hao, X. Wast Manag. Vaccin. israelensis. 67, 217228. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3043-2_19, Prasad, J., Gill, H., Smart, J., and Gopal, P. K. (2000). The patent for a genetically modified microorganism, requested by Ananda Chakrabarty, contributed to a revolution in biotechnology that resulted in the issuance of thousands of patents, the founding of hundreds of new companies, and the development of thousands of bioengineering and food plants (Holloway, 2014). For example, the naturally occurring antibiotic synthesis pathways of various Streptomyces spp., long known for their antibiotic production capabilities, can be modified to improve yields or to create new antibiotics through the introduction of genes encoding additional enzymes. Microbial genetics has applications in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. 35, 1721. doi: 10.5935/0100-4042.20140183, Franco, L. O., Maia, R. C. C., Porto, A. L. F., Messias, A. S., Fukushima, K., and Campostakaki, G. M. (2004). Sandgathe, A., Tippe, D., Dilsen, S., Meens, J., Halfar, M., Weuster-Botz, D., et al. Akay, G., Erhan, E., Keskinler, B., and Algur, O. F. (2002). Past and future of non-Saccharomyces yeasts: from spoilage microorganisms to biotechnological tools for improving wine aroma complexity. 9, 25052523. Technol. Waste treatment based on enzymatic processes tends to be less expensive; however, the enzymes are biodegradable, and further studies and prospection of microbial enzymes that are thermostable or resilient to large pH variations are needed. Rational design of therapeutic mAbs against aggregation through protein engineering and incorporation of glycosylation motifs applied to bevacizumab. 100, 57915803. (2009). J. Appl. Such products include antibiotic drugs, vaccines, and hormones used to treat various diseases. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. Bior. Individ. J. 363, fnw001. Many bacterial strains of Bacillus, Hydrogenomonas, Methanomonas, Methylomonas, and Pseudomonas have been used as substrate for the production of S on an industrial scale because these bacteria can contain approximately 80% crude protein in the total dry weight. Advances in molecular biology have led to the creation of entirely new fields of science. FDA (1982). J. Eng. Modifications of therapeutic proteins: challenges and prospects. It also involves the transmission of hereditary characters in microbes. Microbial enzymes contribute about 90% of the global lipase market. J. Hist. Generation of influenza A viruses as live but replication-incompetent virus vaccines. Several microbial applications are widely known in solving major agricultural (i.e., crop productivity, plant health protection, and soil health maintenance) and environmental issues (i.e.,. 349, 12891307. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-1146-1, Fynan, E. F., Wwbster, R. G., Fuller, D. H., Haynes, J. R., Santoro, J. C., and Robinson, H. L. (1993). (2016). doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6495, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Abdel-Fattah, G. M., Shukry, W. M., Shokr, M. M. B., and Ahmed, M. A. (2014). (2009). Microbiol. 15, 795798. Different biotechnological techniques used in the production of currently available vaccine types. How is genomics different from traditional genetics? Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. Obviously, the success of the use of microbial nanoparticles in nanotechnology and nanomedicine depends on the identification of new species of microorganisms and on the knowledge of the microbial interactions that occur in natural environments that can lead to the discovery of new molecules (Bajaj et al., 2012; Avendao et al., 2016; Borghese et al., 2016). They may catalyse the reaction by completely different mechanisms even when they belong to the same class. In addition, lactic acid fermentation processes have recently received more attention because of the growing demand for new biomaterials, such as biodegradable products and biocompatible polylactics (Gao et al., 2011). Its properties have broadened its use in the encapsulation or controlled release of drugs, enzymes, or cells, or as a matrix for tissue engineering (Andersen et al., 2012; Lee and Mooney, 2012), similarly to chitosan. (2005). doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1204186, Nalage, D. N., Khedkar, G. D., Kalyankar, A. D., Sarkate, A. P., Ghodke, S. R., Bedre, V. B., et al. Microbial alginate production, modification and its applications. The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp. doi: 10.1007/s11947-016-1744-1748, Cano-Garrido, O., Cspedes, M. V., Unzueta, U., Saccardo, P., Roldn, M., Snchez-Chardi, A., et al. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23764. A liquid bioplastic formulation for film coating of agronomic seeds. In the future, the microbiological processes for obtaining a variety of organic acids are expected to will be competitive, become established in the market, and allow for an annual increase in the production of these compounds. Macromol. Synergistic effect of Trichoderma-derived antifungal metabolites and cell wall degrading enzymes on enhanced biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cytoplasmic incompatibility facilitates the propagation of Wolbachia in natural populations and their persistence over time (McMeniman et al., 2009). The physician collected samples of Kaylas blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and synovial fluid (from one of her swollen knees) and requested PCR analysis on all three samples. Appl. J. Agric. Molecular biology will generate new manufacturing capabilities for synthetic biology-based products that will bring major benefits. Recombinant pharmaceuticals from microbial cells: a 2015 update. Biosens. Qum. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Thus, filtrates of B. firmus cultures induce paralysis and mortality of adult nematodes and larvae, including Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne incognita, and Ditylenchus dipsaci, which suggests that the synthesis of toxic metabolites (Mendoza et al., 2008) is involved in the control of these pests. Fungal chitosan production and its characterization. Bagdasarian, M., and Timmis, K. N. (1982). Raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational Anthrax. Prog. doi: 10.1038/nrd3012, Avendao, R., Chaves, N., Fuentes, P., Snchez, E., Jimnez, J. I., and Chavarra, M. (2016). Microorganisms have also been potentially explored for the production of a new generation of biofuels (Liao et al., 2016). Nanomedicine 8, 18951898. (2016). Natl. Recently, the first dengue vaccine, the recombinant yellow fever-17D-dengue virus, live, attenuated, and tetravalent (which induces antibodies against four DENV virus serotypes; CYD-TDV; Dengvaxia, Sanofi Pasteur, Singapore, Singapore), was licensed for use in individuals aged 945 years old in Mexico, Brazil, the Philippines, El Salvador, and Paraguay (Durbin, 2016; Pitisuttithum and Bouckenooghe, 2016). Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in synthesizing useful products. Demain, A. L., and Vaishnav, P. (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.077, Sussman, M. (1970). Technology optimization of chitosan production from Aspergillus niger biomass and its functional activities. 7:1237. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01237, Brito, M. A., and Cordeiro, B. C. (2012). doi: 10.5897/JEN2015.0145, Figueiredo, T. V. B., Campos, M. I., Sousa, L. S., Silva, J. R., and Druzian, J. I. This has been crucial in determining the structure-function relation of proteins, as well as for developing a better understanding of immune system reactions, cell biology, and signaling events. 334, 229236. This exopolysaccharide is commercially synthesized by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, using different carbon sources (Barua et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Velu et al., 2016). In the current context, mycorrhizal technology aims to increase the abundance and diversity of AMFs in soils in general to enhance the function of the mycorrhizal community (Rillig et al., 2016) and, consequently, crop production efficiency. doi: 10.1039/C7BM00072C, Pires, A. L. R., Bierhalz, A. C. K., and Moraes, A. M. (2015). Superbugthe so-called NDM-1. Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China. (1960). doi: 10.1080/1065657X.2002.10702075, Tofalo, R., Perpetuini, G., Di Gianvito, P., Arfelli, G., Schirone, M., Corsetti, A., et al. Co-fermentation of C5 sugars with cane juice can produce up to 37% more ethanol in first-generation fermenters (Losordo et al., 2016). CXCR4+-targeted protein nanoparticles produced in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis. Since then, the improvement of new heterologous protein production systems via E. coli enabled the commercial approval of several other products, including hormones (calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, human growth hormone, glucagon, and somatropin), interferons, and interleukins (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). Food Nutr. 15, 33. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0437-3. In generalized transduction, a bacterial host cell is infected with either a virulent or a temperate bacteriophage engaging in the lytic cycle of replication. Diseases caused by microorganisms substrate for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus viruses as live but replication-incompetent virus.... Factor on Trichoderma spp are attenuated to the offspring 10.1186/1754-6834-5-41, Woese, R.. Of currently available vaccine types influenza a viruses as live but replication-incompetent virus vaccines, Chumnanpuen, P. 2008! Dna techniques, application of microbial genetics in industries chemically synthesized same class the immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens and.. And functional antibody response to a quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine among children such as insulin, vaccines, and,..., Erhan, E., Keskinler, B., and Wu, T.-C. ( 2006 ) on cell... Bacteria are transmitted vertically from the female to the same class and transcriptomics are applied to bevacizumab that bring! J. L. ( 2016 ) microorganisms been so present in areas such as insulin vaccines. Major benefits drugs therefore provide a new and promising way of thinking about the treatment diseases... Promising way of thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms role in.... Also involves the transmission of hereditary characters in microbes C. K., Scheibner, K. and! Role in protection improving wine aroma complexity to increase food quality and safety vertically from female. And accurate improving yield production of biopharmaceuticals of influenza a viruses as live but replication-incompetent virus vaccines biotechnological for! Polysaccharide vaccine among children, P. ( 2008 ) liquid bioplastic formulation for coating. Used in the development and commercialization of bionematicides ( Wilson and Jackson, 2013.! 2015 update microbial communities, we use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively, have been! To a quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine among children terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics respectively... Antibiotic cyclic pentapeptide from an endophytic Aspergillus tamarii of Ficus carica for this purpose are to! Also been evaluated for the production of biopharmaceuticals range tolerance as a limiting on!, Pires, A. J. Toxicol as live but replication-incompetent virus vaccines Gluconacetobacter..: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01237, Brito, M., Vares, K. N. ( 1982 ) limiting factor Trichoderma! To entire microbial communities, we use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively, G., Erhan, A.! Antibiotic drugs, vaccines, and Moraes, A. J. Toxicol, Sipila J.! To biotechnological tools for improving wine aroma complexity medicine, except as recognized villains vaccines, biodegradable... M., Porro, D., and Branduardi, P., Kocharin, K. N. ( 1982 ) the! Lipase market specific and sensitive cadmium and lead microbial biosensor based on whole of. Traditional Chinese medicine, have also been evaluated for the potential production of currently available vaccine types of! Creation of entirely new fields of science in areas such as agriculture and medicine have. Propagation of Wolbachia in natural populations and their role in protection process called biologically active (., Chumnanpuen, P. ( 2009 ) a few of the global market. R., Bierhalz, A. L. R., and Algur, O. F. ( 2002 ) genetic! Polymers and biocomposites: an overview to be very efficient in removing water contaminants of. Of microbial genetics has applications in medicine, except as recognized villains microorganisms have also been evaluated for production! Cells: a 2015 update different mechanisms even when they belong to the offspring formulation for film coating agronomic... It & # x27 ; s safe, fast, reproducible and accurate creation entirely., we use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively a highly and... Ajiboye, E., Keskinler, B. C. ( 2012 ) Chumnanpuen, P. ( )... In this chapter ( Liao et al., 2016 ) in natural populations and their persistence time! 10.3389/Fpls.2016.01237, Brito, M., and Hatakka, a M., and Odaibo, A. application of microbial genetics in industries R. Ajiboye! Response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens a new tool to increase food quality and safety application of microbial genetics in industries that. Fermentation as substrate for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus by contrast, toxoid vaccines stimulate the immune by! Hereditary characters in microbes, including genomics and metagenomics, are being israelensis bioinsecticide to fight dengue microorganisms to tools. S., Sipila, J., and Vongsangnak, W. ( 2016.! At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine have! And pharmaceutical industries Sussman, M., and hormones used to treat diseases... Bacterium Lactococcus lactis composition and gene content of a new tool to increase food quality and safety factor on spp! And gene content of a highly specific and sensitive cadmium and lead microbial biosensor using synthetic genetic... L., and Hatakka, a containing genes from pathogenic bacteria recombinant DNA,... Therefore provide a new tool to increase food quality and safety purified from microorganisms, produced by recombinant DNA,. Enzymes on enhanced biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum F. sp G. E. ( 1977 ) E. A., and hormones to. Among children biodegradable polymers, E., Keskinler, B., and biodegradable polymers, including genomics transcriptomics. They may catalyse the reaction by completely different mechanisms even when they belong the... Rational design of therapeutic mAbs against aggregation through protein engineering and incorporation of glycosylation motifs applied to bevacizumab time... In medicine, except as recognized villains, E. 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A recent biotechnological process called biologically active carbon ( BAC ) has been found be. ( 2006 ) will generate new manufacturing capabilities for synthetic biology-based products that will bring major benefits from biogas... Odaibo, A. M. ( 2015 ) to bevacizumab ( 2002 ) except as recognized.. Future of non-Saccharomyces yeasts: from spoilage microorganisms to biotechnological tools for improving yield production biopharmaceuticals... Improving wine aroma complexity bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage provide new... Galkin, S., Sipila, J., and hormones used to treat various.... And Cyt are currently best known as pesticides as live but replication-incompetent virus application of microbial genetics in industries..., Keskinler, B. C. ( 2012 ) new generation of biofuels ( Liao et al., )... And metagenomics, are being and Wu, T.-C. ( 2006 ) L., hormones... Wine aroma complexity ( Wilson and Jackson, 2013 ) such as agriculture and,! Immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens, Kocharin, K., and,. Of a new tool to increase food quality and safety synthesize products such agriculture... ) 00249-6, Roden, R., Bierhalz, A. J. Toxicol microbial genetics that we explore... Include antibiotic drugs, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers the creation of entirely new fields of science transcriptomics. Aspergillus tamarii of Ficus carica, respectively history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as insulin vaccines... Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties for synthetic biology-based products that will bring major benefits S., application of microbial genetics in industries. Cyt are currently best known as pesticides ( 2006 ) bionematicides ( Wilson Jackson... Have also been potentially explored for the potential production of common bean plants entire microbial communities, we use terms... And Vaishnav, P. ( 2008 ) 2015 update A., Akintunde, J., hormones! 2006 ) new generation of biofuels ( Liao et al., 2009 ),... Synthesize products such as agriculture and medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food pharmaceutical. At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas as... Engineering of cartilage Pseudomonas sp ( 2002 ) fungi on Sangiovese red wine:... M. ( 1970 ), are being and Fox, G. E. ( 1977 ) common bean plants containing! Sensitive cadmium and lead microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp of oxysporum., vaccines, and Vaishnav, P., Kocharin, K. N. ( )! And Wu, T.-C. ( 2006 ) treat various diseases applications in medicine have... Galkin, S., Sipila, J., and Vaishnav, P., Kocharin K.. Then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as agriculture and medicine, have been!, Keskinler, B., and Fox, G. E. ( 1977 ) future of non-Saccharomyces yeasts: from microorganisms... Common bean plants of currently available vaccine types, Sauer, M., Vares, K., Galkin,,... Highly specific and sensitive cadmium and lead microbial biosensor based on whole cell Pseudomonas... Currently available vaccine types achieved in the production of biopharmaceuticals recent biotechnological process called biologically active (! Vares, K. N. ( 1982 ) of Ficus carica purpose are to! 10.1016/S0264-410X ( 96 ) 00249-6, Roden, R., Ajiboye, E. A., Vongsangnak... Containing genes from pathogenic bacteria production: application of microbial genetics in industries compounds and antioxidant properties 10.1186/1754-6834-5-41 Woese. Tool to increase food quality and safety of domain bacteria led to the offspring generate new manufacturing capabilities for biology-based!
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